Collected in Biology and the Foundations of Ethics are twelve accomplished essays by distinguished historians and philosophers of science that consider the historical debates over the connection between biology — in particular evolutionary biology — and foundational questions in ethics, from Aristotle through Hume, Darwin, and Nietzsche to E. O. Wilson. Contributors include Michael Bradie writing on the moral status of animals in 18th-century British philosophy, Paul Farber writing on French evolutionary ethics during the Third Republic, and Michael Ruse writing on the 20th-century biologists George Gaylord Simpson and Julian Huxley.